He mea kila maʻalahi ka papa kila waena a me ke kaumaha.

Wahi a nā kūlana aupuni, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o kona mānoanoa ma mua o 4.5mm. I nā hana maoli, ʻo nā mānoanoa ʻekolu maʻamau he 6-20mm, 20-40mm, a me 40mm a ʻoi aku. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau mānoanoa, me ko lākou mau ʻano like ʻole, ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Aʻo hou aku

Pā waena a kaumahaʻO 6-20mm ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he "māmā a maʻalahi." Hāʻawi kēia ʻano papa i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa a me ka hiki ke hana ʻia, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kaola kaʻa, nā papa alahaka, a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu. I ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka papa waena a me ke kaumaha, ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kaʻa paʻa, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka palekana me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka wahie. I ke kūkulu ʻana i ke alahaka, lawelawe ia ma ke ʻano he kila e hāpai ana i ka ukana, e hoʻolaha pono ana i nā ukana a pale aku i ka ʻino ʻana o ke kaiapuni.

6-20mm

Pā Waena a Kaumaha

E heluhelu hou aku

20-40mm

Pā Waena a Kaumaha

E heluhelu hou aku

＞ 40mm

Pā Waena a Kaumaha

E heluhelu hou aku

Waena a kaumahapapa kila kalaponaʻO 20-40mm ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka "iwi kuamoʻo paʻa." ʻO kona ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me kona paʻakikī e lilo ia i koho makemake ʻia no nā mīkini nui, nā moku kaomi, a me ke kūkulu moku. I ke kūkulu moku ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā papa waena a me ke kaumaha o kēia mānoanoa ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi e like me keel a me ka papahele, hiki ke kū i ke kaomi wai a me ka hopena o ka nalu, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻokele palekana. I ka hana ʻana i nā moku kaomi, kū lākou i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i nā hana ʻoihana palekana a paʻa.

Waena a kaumahanā papa kilaʻoi aku ka mānoanoa ma mua o 40mm ua manaʻo ʻia he "hana kaumaha." He kūpaʻa loa kēia mau papa mānoanoa loa i ke kaomi, ka ʻaʻahu, a me ka hopena, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā apo turbine no nā kikowaena hydropower, nā kahua no nā hale nui, a me nā mīkini mining. I ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kahua hydropower, hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mea no nā apo turbine, hiki ke kū i ka hopena nui o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. ʻO kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana e like me nā mea hoʻoili scraper a me nā mea wāwahi i nā mīkini mining e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā lako a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai mālama.

Mai nā kaʻa a i nā moku, mai nā alahaka a i nā mīkini mining, nā papa waena a me nā papa kaumaha o nā mānoanoa like ʻole, me ko lākou mau pono kūikawā, kākoʻo mālie i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana hou a ua lilo i mau mea pono ʻole e hoʻokele ana i ka holomua ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole.

Hoʻolauna ka ʻatikala ma luna nei i nā mānoanoa maʻamau o ka pā waena a me ke kaumaha a me kā lākou mau noi. Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻike hou aku, e like me nā kaʻina hana a i ʻole nā kikoʻī hana, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo mai iaʻu.