Nūhou - Nā ʻAno Hana Kila, Nā Nui, a me ke Alakaʻi Koho

Nā hale kilahoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana kūkulu hale ma muli o ko lākou mau pono, e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kūkulu wikiwiki ʻana, a me ke kūpaʻa seismic maikaʻi loa. He kūpono nā ʻano hale kila like ʻole no nā hiʻohiʻona hale like ʻole, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka nui o ko lākou mau mea kumu. He mea nui ke koho ʻana i ke kūkulu kila kūpono no ka maikaʻi o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i nā ʻano hale kila maʻamau, nā nui o nā mea kumu, a me nā kiko koho koʻikoʻi.

Nā ʻAno Hana Kila Maʻamau a me nā Noi

Nā Mōlina Kila Portal

Nā mōlina kila pukahe mau hale kila pālahalaha i hana ʻia me nā kolamu kila a me nā kaola. He maʻalahi ko lākou hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ukana i wehewehe pono ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hana pono. Hāʻawi kēia hale i kahi ala hoʻoili ukana maopopo, e hāpai pono ana i nā ukana kū a me nā ukana pae. He maʻalahi hoʻi ke kūkulu a hoʻouka, me kahi manawa kūkulu pōkole.

Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana, kūpono nā mōlina kila puka no nā hale haʻahaʻa, e like me nā hale hana haʻahaʻa, nā hale kūʻai, a me nā hale hana. Pono kēia mau hale i kahi laulā akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokō pono nā mōlina kila puka i kēia mau koi, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ākea no ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.

Kiʻikuhi kila

A kiʻikuhi kilahe hale kila kila spatial i hana ʻia me nā kolamu kila a me nā kaola. ʻAʻole e like me ke ʻano pālahalaha o kahi hale puka, hana kahi hale kila i kahi ʻōnaehana spatial ʻekolu-dimensional, e hāʻawi ana i ke kūpaʻa holoʻokoʻa a me ke kū'ē ʻaoʻao. Hiki ke kūkulu ʻia i loko o nā hale he nui-papa a i ʻole nā hale kiʻekiʻe e like me nā koi kuhikuhipuʻuone, e hoʻololi ana i nā koi laulā a me ke kiʻekiʻe like ʻole.
Ma muli o kāna hana kūkulu maikaʻi loa, kūpono nā kiʻi kila no nā hale me nā ʻāpana nui a i ʻole nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā hale keʻena, nā hale kūʻai kūʻai, nā hōkele, a me nā kikowaena hālāwai. Ma kēia mau hale, ʻaʻole wale nā kiʻi kila e hoʻokō i nā koi o nā hoʻolālā ākea nui akā e hoʻomaʻalahi hoʻi i ke kau ʻana o nā lako a me ke ala ʻana o nā pipeline i loko o ka hale.

ʻO ke kila kila

ʻO ka truss kila he hale ākea i haku ʻia me kekahi mau ʻāpana pākahi (e like me ke kila kihi, ke kila kahawai, a me nā kaola I) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano kikoʻī (e laʻa, triangular, trapezoidal, a polygonal paha). ʻO kona mau lālā ke kumu nui o ka tension axial a i ʻole ka compression, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hoʻolaha kaumaha kaulike, e hoʻohana piha ana i ka ikaika o ka mea a mālama i ke kila.
He ikaika ka laulā o nā trusses kila a kūpono no nā hale e pono ai nā laulā nui, e like me nā kahua pāʻani, nā hale hōʻikeʻike, a me nā kahua mokulele. Ma nā kahua pāʻani, hiki i nā trusses kila ke hana i nā hale uhi ākea, e hoʻokō ana i nā koi o ka wahi o nā auditoriums a me nā wahi hoʻokūkū. Ma nā hale hōʻikeʻike a me nā kahua mokulele, hāʻawi nā trusses kila i ke kākoʻo kūkulu hilinaʻi no nā wahi hōʻikeʻike ākea a me nā ala kaʻahele hele wāwae.

Pākuʻi kila

He ʻano hana spatial ka grid kila i haku ʻia me nā lālā he nui i hoʻopili ʻia e nā kikowaena i loko o kahi ʻano grid kikoʻī (e like me nā huinakolu maʻamau, nā huinahā, a me nā hexagon maʻamau). Hāʻawi ia i nā pono e like me nā ikaika spatial haʻahaʻa, ke kūpaʻa seismic maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika. ʻO kona ʻano lālā hoʻokahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana hale hana a me ke kau ʻana ma kahi.

ʻO nā ʻupena kila he mea kūpono loa ia no nā hale kaupaku a i ʻole nā paia, e like me nā lumi kali, nā canopies, a me nā hale hana nui. I loko o nā lumi kali, hiki i nā hale kaupaku kila ke uhi i nā wahi nui, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻoluʻolu no ke kali ʻana no nā mea holo. I loko o nā canopies, he māmā a he nani hoʻi nā hale kaupaku kila, ʻoiai e kū pono ana i nā ukana kūlohelohe e like me ka makani a me ka ua.

Nā Ana Mea Kumu Maʻamau no nā ʻAno Hana Kila like ʻole

Nā Mōlina Kila Portal

ʻO nā kolamu kila a me nā kaola o nā mōlina puka i hana pinepine ʻia mai ke kila ʻano H. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o kēia mau kolamu kila e nā mea e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale, ke kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ukana. Ma ke ʻano laulā, no nā hale hana haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai me nā kiʻekiʻe o 12-24 mika a me nā kiʻekiʻe o 4-6 mika, ʻo nā kolamu kila ʻano H maʻamau mai H300 × 150 × 6.5 × 9 a i H500 × 200 × 7 × 11; ʻo nā kaola maʻamau mai H350 × 175 × 7 × 11 a i H600 × 200 × 8 × 12. I kekahi mau hihia me nā ukana haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila ʻano I a i ʻole ke kila kahawai ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana kōkua. ʻO ka nui o ke kila ʻano I ka nui mai I14 a i I28, ʻoiai ʻo ke kila kahawai ka nui mai [12 a i [20].

Nā Mōlina kila

Hoʻohana nui nā kiʻi kila i ke kila ʻāpana H no ko lākou mau kolamu a me nā kaola. No ka mea, pono lākou e kū i nā ukana kū pololei a me ka pae, a no ka mea, pono lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke ākea o ka hale, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou mau ana kumu ma mua o nā kiʻi puka. No nā hale keʻena he nui nā papahele a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai kūʻai (3-6 papahele, ʻāpana 8-15m), ʻo nā ana kila ʻāpana H i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā kolamu mai H400 × 200 × 8 × 13 a i H800 × 300 × 10 × 16; ʻO nā ana kila ʻāpana H i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā kaola mai H450 × 200 × 9 × 14 a i H700 × 300 × 10 × 16. I loko o nā hale kila kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 6 papahele), hiki i nā kolamu ke hoʻohana i ke kila ʻāpana H i welded ʻia a i ʻole ke kila ʻāpana pahu. ʻO nā ana kila ʻāpana pahu maʻamau mai 400 × 400 × 12 × 12 a i 800 × 800 × 20 × 20 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē ʻaoʻao o ka hale a me ke kūpaʻa holoʻokoʻa.

Nā Pahu Kila

ʻO nā mea kumu maʻamau no nā lālā truss kila e komo pū ana me ke kila kihi, ke kila kahawai, nā kaola I, a me nā paipu kila. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila kihi i loko o nā truss kila ma muli o kona ʻano ʻāpana like ʻole a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Loaʻa nā nui maʻamau mai ∠50 × 5 a i ∠125 × 10. No nā lālā i kau ʻia ma luna o nā ukana kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kahawai a i ʻole nā kaola I. Loaʻa nā nui o ke kila kahawai mai [14 a i [30, a ʻo nā nui o ke kaola I mai I16 a i I40.) I loko o nā truss kila lōʻihi (ʻoi aku ka laulā ma mua o 30m), hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā paipu kila ma ke ʻano he mau lālā e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke ʻano a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana seismic. ʻO ke anawaena o nā paipu kila maʻamau mai Φ89 × 4 a i Φ219 × 8, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau he Q345B a i ʻole Q235B.

Pākuʻi kila

ʻO nā lālā grid kila i hana nui ʻia me nā paipu kila, i hana pinepine ʻia me Q235B a me Q345B. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka paipu e ka laulā grid, ka nui grid, a me nā kūlana ukana. No nā hale grid me nā laulā o 15-30m (e like me nā hale kali liʻiliʻi a me waena a me nā canopies), ʻo ke anawaena paipu kila maʻamau he Φ48 × 3.5 a i Φ114 × 4.5. No nā laulā i ʻoi aku ma mua o 30m (e like me nā hale kahua pāʻani nui a me nā hale kikowaena mokulele), piʻi ka anawaena paipu kila e like me ia, maʻamau i Φ114 × 4.5 a i Φ168 × 6. ʻO nā hui grid he mau hui pōpō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke anawaena o ka hui pōpō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka helu o nā lālā a me ka hiki ke ukana, maʻamau mai Φ100 a i Φ300.

Nā Ana Mea Kumu Maʻamau no nā ʻAno Hana Kila like ʻole

E wehewehe i nā koi hale a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohana

Ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi hale kila, pono ʻoe e wehewehe mua i ke kumu o ka hale, ka laulā, ke kiʻekiʻe, ka helu o nā papahele, a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni (e like me ka ikaika o ka seismic, ke kaomi makani, a me ka ukana hau). Pono nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohana like ʻole i ka hana like ʻole mai nā hale kila. No ka laʻana, ma nā wahi i maʻalahi i ka ōlaʻi, pono e makemake ʻia nā hale kila grid a i ʻole nā hale kila me ke kūpaʻa seismic maikaʻi. No nā kahua pāʻani ākea nui, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o nā trusses kila a i ʻole nā hale kila. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ka hiki ke lawe i ka ukana o ke hale kila ma muli o nā kūlana ukana o ka hale (e like me nā ukana make a me nā ukana ola) e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ke hale kila i koho ʻia i nā koi hoʻohana o ka hale.

Ke Nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana kila

ʻO ke kila ke kumu kumu o nā hale kila, a ʻo kona maikaʻi a me ka hana e pili pono ana i ka palekana a me ke kūpaʻa o ke kūkulu kila. I ke kūʻai ʻana i ke kila, e koho i nā huahana i hana ʻia e nā mea hana kaulana me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi i hōʻoia ʻia. E makaʻala pono i ka maikaʻi o ke kila (e like me Q235B, Q345B, a pēlā aku), nā waiwai mechanical (e like me ka ikaika yield, ka ikaika tensile, a me ka elongation), a me ka hoʻohui kemika. ʻOkoʻa loa ka hana o nā papa kila like ʻole. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ke kila Q345B ma mua o Q235B a kūpono ia no nā hale e koi ana i ka hiki ke hāpai i ka ukana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kila Q235B, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī a kūpono ia no nā hale me kekahi mau koi seismic. Eia kekahi, e nānā i ke ʻano o ke kila e pale aku i nā hemahema e like me nā māwae, nā hoʻokomo, a me nā kūlou.

He loea ʻo Royal Steel Group i ka hoʻolālā a me nā mea hana o nā hale kila.Hāʻawi mākou i nā hale kila i nā ʻāina a me nā wahi he nui, e like me Saudi Arabia, Kanada, a me Guatemala.Hoʻokipa mākou i nā nīnau mai nā mea kūʻai aku hou a me nā mea kūʻai aku e kū nei.