ʻO nā paipu kila anawaena nui (e pili pinepine ana i nā paipu kila me ke anawaena waho ≥114mm, me ≥200mm i wehewehe ʻia he nui i kekahi mau hihia, ma muli o nā kūlana ʻoihana) hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka "lawe ʻana i nā mea nui," "kākoʻo kūkulu hana kaumaha," a me "nā kūlana kaomi kiʻekiʻe" ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke lawe i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka hiki ke kahe kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika i ka hopena.
ʻO ka ikehu ka wahi noi nui no nā paipu kila anawaena nui. ʻO nā koi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, nā mamao lōʻihi, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau paipu e lawe i nā mea ikehu koʻikoʻi e like me ka ʻaila, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, ka lanahu, a me ka uila.
1. Ka Lawe ʻAila a me ke Kinoea: ʻO ka "aorta" o nā paipu mamao loa
Nā Hoʻohana: Nā paipu kumu aila a me ke kinoea ma waena o nā ʻāpana (e like me ka West-East Gas Pipeline a me ka China-Russia East Natural Gas Pipeline), nā paipu hōʻiliʻili a me ka halihali kūloko i loko o nā kahua aila, a me nā paipu aila/kinoea no nā kahua aila a me ke kinoea ma waho o ke kai.
ʻAno Paipu Kila: ʻO ka paipu wili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke arc (LSAW) a me ka paipu wili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke arc (SSAW), me ka paipu kila seamless (e like me nā māka API 5L X80/X90) i hoʻohana ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāpana kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
Nā Pono Koʻikoʻi: Kū i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe o 10-15 MPa (nā laina kumu kinoea kūlohelohe), kū i ka pala o ka lepo (nā paipu uka), a kū i ka pala o ka wai kai (nā paipu ma waho). Hiki i ka lōʻihi o nā paipu hoʻokahi ke hiki i 12-18 mika e hōʻemi i nā hui weld a hoʻēmi i nā pilikia leakage. Nā laʻana maʻamau: ka China-Russia East Line Natural Gas Pipeline (ka paipu mamao loa nui loa ma Kina, me kekahi mau ʻāpana e hoʻohana ana i nā paipu kila 1422mm ke anawaena), a me ka paipu aila palena ʻāina Saudi-UAE (nā paipu kila 1200mm a ʻoi aku ka nui).
2. ʻOihana Mana: ʻO ke "alanui ikehu" o nā hale hana mana wela/nukleari
Ma ka ʻāpana mana wela, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau paipu i loko o nā "paipu nui ʻehā" (nā paipu mahu nui, nā paipu mahu hoʻomehana hou, nā paipu wai hānai nui, a me nā paipu hoʻokahe mea hoʻomehana kiʻekiʻe) e lawe i ka mahu wela kiʻekiʻe, kaomi kiʻekiʻe (nā mahana o 300-600°C a me nā kaomi o 10-30 MPa).
Ma ka ʻāpana mana nukelea, pono nā paipu kila palekana no nā mokupuni nukelea (e like me nā paipu coolant reactor) i ke kūpaʻa ikaika i ka radiation a me ke kūpaʻa kolo. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā paipu humuhumu kila kila Austenitic (e like me ASME SA312 TP316LN). Kākoʻo Ikehu Hou: "Nā Paipu Laina Koho" (e pale ana i nā kaula uila kiʻekiʻe) ma nā kahua mana photovoltaic/makani, a me nā paipu hoʻoili hydrogen mamao loa (hoʻohana kekahi mau papahana hoʻāʻo i nā paipu kila 300-800mm Φ pale i ka palaho).
Ke kālele nei nā koi ma ka ʻāpana kūlanakauhale ma luna o "ke kahe nui ʻana o ka wai, ka mālama haʻahaʻa, a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā wahi honua/ʻilikai kūlanakauhale." ʻO ka pahuhopu nui ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lako wai a me ka hoʻokahe wai no ka poʻe kamaʻāina a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana kūlanakauhale.
1. ʻEnekinia Hoʻolako Wai a me ka Hoʻokahe Wai: Nā Paipu Kumu Hoʻoili Wai/Hoʻokahe Wai o ke kūlanakauhale
Nā Hana Hoʻolako Wai: ʻO nā "paipu wai maka" mai nā kumu wai o ke kūlanakauhale (nā waihona wai, nā muliwai) a i nā hale hana wai, a me nā "paipu hoʻolako wai kumu o ke kūlanakauhale" mai nā hale hana wai a i nā wahi kūlanakauhale, pono ka lawe ʻana i ka wai piula wai kahe nui (e laʻa, nā paipu kila 600-2000mm Φ).
Nā Hana Hoʻokahe Wai: Nā "paipu kumu wai ua" o ke kūlanakauhale (no ka hoʻokahe wikiwiki ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ke kai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ua nui) a me nā "paipu kumu wai ʻino" (no ka lawe ʻana i ka wai ʻino o ka home/ʻoihana i nā hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino). Hoʻohana kekahi i nā paipu kila pale i ka pala (e laʻa, nā paipu kila i uhi ʻia i ka palakiko a me nā paipu kila i uhi ʻia i ka sima).
Nā Pōmaikaʻi: Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā paipu sima, he māmā nā paipu kila, kūpaʻa i ka emi ʻana o ka wai (hoʻololi i ka ʻano honua paʻakikī o ka honua kūlanakauhale), a hāʻawi i ka sila maikaʻi loa no nā hui (e pale ana i ka liki ʻana o ka wai ʻino a me ka haumia o ka lepo).
2. Nā Kikowaena Mālama Wai: Hoʻoili Wai ma waena o nā ʻauwai a me ke Kāohi ʻana i ke Kai Eʻe
Nā Hoʻohana: Nā papahana hoʻoili wai ma waena o nā kīʻaha (e like me ka "Yellow River Tunnel Pipeline" o ke ala waena o ka Papahana Hoʻohuli Wai Hema-a-ʻĀkau), nā paipu hoʻohuli a me nā paipu hoʻokuʻu wai kahe no nā waihona wai/nā kikowaena hydropower, a me nā paipu ʻauwai hoʻohuli no ka kaohi ʻana i ke kahe o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka hoʻokahe wai.
Nā Pono Maʻamau: Kū i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai (ka wikiwiki o ke kahe ʻana o 2-5 m/s), kū i ke kaomi wai (pono kekahi mau paipu wai hohonu e kū i ke kaomi poʻo ma mua o 10 m), a me nā anawaena ma mua o 3000 mm (e laʻa, ka paipu hoʻohuli kila 3200 mm ma kahi kahua hydropower).
He ʻokoʻa nā koi o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana, me ke kālele nui ʻana ma ka "hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana hana kaumaha a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā koi halihali o nā pāpaho kikoʻī," e pili ana i nā ʻoihana e like me ka metallurgy, nā kemika, a me nā mīkini.
1. ʻOihana Metallurgy/Stee: Ka Halihali Mea Hana Wela Kiʻekiʻe
Nā Hoʻohana: Nā "paipu kinoea umu pahū" o nā wili kila (ka lawe ʻana i ke kinoea wela kiʻekiʻe, 200-400°C), "nā paipu wai hoʻoluʻu hana kila a me ka hoʻolei mau ʻana" (ka hoʻoluʻu kahe nui o nā bila kila), a me nā "paipu slurry" (ka lawe ʻana i ka slurry hao hao).
Nā koi o nā paipu kila: Ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka oxidation wela kiʻekiʻe (no nā paipu kinoea) a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu (no nā slurries e loaʻa ana nā ʻāpana paʻa, pono nā paipu kila alloy pale ʻaʻahu). ʻO ke anawaena maʻamau mai 200 a 1000 mm.
2. ʻOihana Kemika/Petrochemical: Ka halihali ʻana i nā mea ʻino
Nā Hoʻohana: Nā paipu mea maka i loko o nā mea kanu kemika (e like me nā hopena waikawa a me ka alkali, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik), nā paipu ʻāpana haki catalytic i loko o nā mea kanu petrochemical (wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻaila kiʻekiʻe a me ke kinoea), a me nā paipu hoʻokuʻu pahu (nā paipu hoʻokuʻu nui no nā pahu mālama nui).
Nā ʻAno Paipu Kila: Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu kila me ke kūpaʻa i ka palaho (e like me ke kila kila 316L) a me nā paipu kila i uhi ʻia i ka palakiko a i ʻole ka laholio (no nā mea hana palaho nui). Hoʻohana kekahi mau paipu kaomi kiʻekiʻe i nā paipu kila humuhumu 150-500mm.
3. Nā Mīkini Kaumaha: Kākoʻo Kūkulu a me nā ʻŌnaehana Hydraulic
Nā Hoʻohana: Nā pahu ʻōmole hydraulic i loko o nā mīkini kūkulu (nā mea ʻeli a me nā crane) (hoʻohana kekahi mau lako tona nui i nā paipu kila humuhumu 100-300mm), nā paipu kila kākoʻo moe i nā mea hana mīkini nui, a me nā paipu pale alapiʻi/kaula kūloko (150-300mm) i nā hale kiaʻi turbine makani kai.
Ma nā papahana ʻōnaehana nui e like me nā alahaka, nā tunnels, a me nā kahua mokulele, ʻaʻole wale nā paipu kila anawaena e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he "paipu hoʻoili" akā he "nā ʻāpana kūkulu" hoʻi e hāpai i nā ukana a hāʻawi i ka pale.
1. ʻEnekinia Alahaka: Nā Alahaka/Kola o ka Pae i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka Paipu Kila
Nā Hoʻohana: "Nā Iwi ʻAoʻao Nui" o nā alahaka ʻaoʻao lōʻihi (e like me ke Alahaka ʻo Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River, kahi e hoʻohana ai i nā iwi ʻaoʻao paipu kila piha i ka sima 1200-1600mm Φ i piha i ka sima, e hoʻohui ana i ka ikaika tensile o nā paipu kila me ka ikaika compressive o ka sima), a me nā "lima pale" o nā pou alahaka (e pale ana i nā pou mai ka ʻino ʻana o ka wai).
Nā Pōmaikaʻi: Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka sima i hoʻoikaika ʻia maʻamau, he māmā nā ʻano paipu kila i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka sima, maʻalahi ke kūkulu ʻia (hiki ke hana mua ʻia ma nā hale hana a hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma kahi), a he lōʻihi aʻe nā ʻāpana (a hiki i 500 mika a ʻoi aku paha).
2. Nā Tunnels a me ke Kaʻaahi: Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ea a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaulahao
Nā Hana o ke Ana: "Nā ʻAuwai Hoʻouluulu" (no ka ea hou, ke anawaena 800-1500mm) ma nā ana alanui/kaʻaahi, a me nā "Paipu Hoʻolako Wai Ahi" (no ka hoʻolako wai kahe nui i ka hihia o nā ahi ana).
Kaʻaahi: "Nā Paipu Hoʻomalu Uea Lalo Honua" (no ka pale ʻana i nā kaula uila kiʻekiʻe, kekahi i hana ʻia me ka paipu kila i uhi ʻia i ka palakiko 200-400mm) ma nā kaʻaahi lalo/nā ʻōnaehana kaʻaahi wikiwiki, a me nā "Catenary Column Casings" (nā kolamu kila e kākoʻo ana i ka pūnaewele mana).
3. Nā Kahua Mokulele/Awa: Nā Paipu Hana Kūikawā
Nā kahua mokulele: "Nā Paipu Hoʻokahe Wai Ua" (ke anawaena nui 600-1200mm) no nā ala holo e pale aku ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai o ke kahua holo a me nā hopena i ka wā e lele ai a me ka pae ʻana, a me nā "Ea Conditioning Chilled Water Main Pipes" (no ke kahe ʻana o ka wai anuanu kiʻekiʻe no ka kaohi ʻana i ka mahana) ma nā hale kikowaena.
Nā Awa: "Nā Paipu Lima Hoʻoili ʻAila" (e hoʻohui ana i nā moku lawe ukana a me nā pahu mālama, e lawe ana i ka ʻaila maka/nā huahana ʻaila i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, ke anawaena 300-800mm) ma nā kikowaena awa, a me nā "Pipeline Ukana Nui" (no ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana nui e like me ke lanahu a me ka ʻaila hao).
ʻOihana Koa: Nā "paipu hoʻoluʻu wai kai" o ka moku kaua (kūʻē i ka pala o ka wai kai), nā "laina hydraulic" o ka pahu (nā paipu wiliwili kiʻekiʻe nui ke anawaena), a me nā "paipu kila kākoʻo" no ka mea hoʻolele missile.
ʻImi Honua: Nā "pahu" lua wai hohonu (e pale ana i ka paia o ka lua a pale ana i ka hiolo ʻana, hoʻohana kekahi i nā paipu kila wili ʻole Φ300-500mm), nā "paipu lua ākea" o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea shale (no ka lawe ʻana i ka wai haki kiʻekiʻe).
Hoʻoinu wai mahiʻai: Nā "paipu hoʻoinu wai kumu" mālama wai ʻāina mahiʻai nui (e like me nā paipu hoʻoinu wai drip/sprinkler ma ka ʻāina maloʻo komohana ʻākau, me nā anawaena o Φ200-600mm).
Pūʻulu Aliʻi
Wahi noho
ʻĀpana ʻoihana hoʻomohala ʻo Kangsheng,
ʻO ka moku ʻo Wuqing, ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tianjin, Kina.
Leka uila
Kelepona
Nā hola
Pōʻakahi-Lāpule: Hana lawelawe 24 hola
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-19-2025