Paipu kila Seamless ASTM Kūpaʻa Wela Kūʻai Nui 431 631 Mea Hana a me ka Mea Hoʻolako Paipu kila kila

ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka paipu kila Seamless ASTM heat resistant 431 631 Stainless Steel Tube

ʻO ke kiʻi hiʻona o ka paipu kila kila ASTM kūpaʻa wela 431 631 Stainless Steel Tube

Wehewehe Pōkole:

Hana ʻia nā paipu kila kila me ke kila kila me ka nui o ka chromium ≥10.5% (e like me nā papa mainstream 304 a me 316L). Loaʻa iā lākou ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (ikaika tensile ≥515MPa), kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka pala (kūpaʻa ka ʻili passivation ʻili i ka pala waikawa/paʻakai) a me ka palekana maʻemaʻe (ʻili ʻai-grade Ra≤0.8μm). Hana ʻia lākou ma o nā kaʻina hana paipu wili anu ʻole a i ʻole ka wili alapine kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paipu kemika (kūpaʻa waikawa 316L), nā hale kūkulu (304 keels pā pale), nā lako lapaʻau (nā paipu sterile pololei) a me nā lako ikehu (nā paipu hoʻoili wela haʻahaʻa LNG). ʻO lākou nā mea kumu nui ma ke kahua o ka hana kiʻekiʻe.

Nānā ʻana:SGS, TUV, BV, Nānā Hale Hana

Kūlana:AISI,ASTM,DIN,JIS,BS,NB

Helu Hoʻohālike:309 ,310,310S,316,347,431,631, a pela aku.

Hana Hana:Kulou, Kuʻihao, Decoiling, Punching, ʻokiʻoki, Molding

ʻAno o ka ʻĀpana:Pōʻai / Huinahā / Huinahālike

Hoʻopau ʻili:BA/2B/NO.1/NO.3/NO.4/8K/HL/2D/1D

Ka Manawa Hoʻouna:3-15 mau lā (e like me ke kaumaha maoli)

ʻIkepili awa:ʻO ke awa ʻo Tianjin, ke awa ʻo Shanghai, ke awa ʻo Qingdao, a pēlā aku.

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Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā Lepili Huahana

Nā kikoʻī huahana

Inoa Huahana	Paipu poepoe kila kila
Kūlana Maʻamau	ʻO ASTM AISI DIN, EN, GB, JIS
Papa kila	200 Moʻo: 201,202
	300 Moʻo: 301,304,304L,316,316L,316Ti,317L,321,309s,310s
	400 Series: 409L,410,410s,420j1,420j2,430,444,441,436
	Ke kila pālua: 904L, 2205, 2507, 2101, 2520, 2304
Anawaena o waho	6-2500mm (e like me ka mea e pono ai)
Mānoanoa	0.3mm-150mm (e like me ka mea e pono ai)
Ka lōʻihi	2000mm/2500mm/3000mm/6000mm/12000mm (e like me ka mea e pono ai)
ʻenehana	ʻAʻohe pono
ʻIli	No.1 2B BA 6K 8K Aniani No.4 HL
Hoʻomanawanui	±1%
Nā Kūlana Kumukūʻai	FOB,CFR,CIF

Noi Nui

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā paipu kila kila ma nā wahi koʻikoʻi ʻehā ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa i ka pala, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā waiwai maʻemaʻe:

Nā ʻano ʻoihana ʻino - nā paipu kemika (nā paipu kūpaʻa waikawa 316L), nā lako ikehu (nā paipu hoʻoili wela haʻahaʻa loa o LNG, nā paipu kaomi kiʻekiʻe o ka paila kikowaena mana Super304H);

ʻO ke kahua hana a me ka nohona o kānaka - nā hale kūkulu (304 pale paia keel e kū'ē i ke kaomi makani ≥ 2.5kPa), nā paipu ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hale holoʻokoʻa, nā paipu sterile mīkini meaʻai;

Hana ʻana i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe - nā paipu BA maʻemaʻe semiconductor ultra-clean (ʻike oxygen ≤ 10ppm), nā paipu pololei endoscope lapaʻau (pololei ± 0.05mm);

Nā kahua e kū mai ana - nā paipu pūpū pila kaʻa ikehu hou (ferrite ikaika kiʻekiʻe 430), ka mālama ikehu hydrogen a me ka lawe ʻana i nā paipu kila duplex (2507 hydrogen embrittlement resistance).
Uhi kāna hana i nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi mai -196℃ a i 900℃, e lilo ana i "nā kīʻaha koko ʻoihana" e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻoihana hou. (Kumu ʻikepili: hōʻike ʻoihana ISSF 2025).

Hoʻomaopopo:
1.Free laʻana, 100% hōʻoia maikaʻi ma hope o ke kūʻai aku, Kākoʻo i kekahi ʻano uku;
2. Loaʻa nā kikoʻī ʻē aʻe a pau o nā paipu kila kalapona poepoe e like me kāu koi (OEM & ODM)! E loaʻa iā ʻoe ke kumukūʻai hale hana mai ROYAL GROUP.

Nā Hoʻohuihui Kemika Paipu Kila ʻOle

Ka % o ka hoʻohuihui kemika
Papa	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Ni	Cr	Mo
201	≤0 .15	≤0 .75	5. 5-7. 5	≤0.06	≤ 0.03	3.5 -5.5	16 .0 -18.0	-
202	≤0 .15	≤l.0	7.5-10.0	≤0.06	≤ 0.03	4.0-6.0	17.0-19.0	-
301	≤0 .15	≤l.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	6.0-8.0	16.0-18.0	-
302	≤0 .15	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	8.0-10.0	17.0-19.0	-
304	≤0 .0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	8.0-10.5	18.0-20.0	-
304L	≤0.03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	9.0-13.0	18.0-20.0	-
309S	≤0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	12.0-15.0	22.0-24.0	-
310S	≤0.08	≤1.5	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	19.0-22.0	24.0-26.0
316	≤0.08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	10.0-14.0	16.0-18.0	2.0-3.0
316L	≤0 .03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	12.0 - 15.0	16 .0 -1 8.0	2.0 -3.0
321	≤ 0 .08	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	9.0 - 13 .0	17.0 -1 9.0	-
630	≤ 0 .07	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	3.0-5.0	15.5-17.5	-
631	≤0.09	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.030	≤0.035	6.50-7.75	16.0-18.0	-
904L	≤ 2 .0	≤0.045	≤1.0	≤0.035	-	23.0·28.0	19.0-23.0	4.0-5.0
2205	≤0.03	≤1.0	≤2.0	≤0.030	≤0.02	4.5-6.5	22.0-23.0	3.0-3.5
2507	≤0.03	≤0.8	≤1.2	≤0.035	≤0.02	6.0-8.0	24.0-26.0	3.0-5.0
2520	≤0.08	≤1.5	≤2.0	≤0.045	≤ 0.03	0.19 -0.22	0. 24 -0. 26	-
410	≤0.15	≤1.0	≤1.0	≤0.035	≤ 0.03	-	11.5-13.5	-
430	≤0.1 2	≤0.75	≤1.0	≤ 0.040	≤ 0.03	≤0.60	16.0 -18.0

kila kila SPaipu kila Sʻilikai FʻInikia

Ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka ʻōwili anu a me ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻili ma hope o ka ʻōwili ʻana, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili o nā paipu kila kila.

ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka ʻili o ka paipu kila kila he NO.1, 2B, No. 4, HL, No. 6, No. 8, BA, TR paʻakikī, Rerolled bright 2H, polishing bright a me nā ʻili ʻē aʻe, a pēlā aku.

NO.1: ʻO ka ʻili No. 1 e pili ana i ka ʻili i loaʻa ma o ka mālama wela a me ka pickling ma hope o ka ʻōwili wela ʻana o ka paipu kila kila. ʻO ia ke wehe ʻana i ka unahi ʻeleʻele oxide i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻōwili wela a me ka mālama wela ʻana ma o ka pickling a i ʻole nā ʻano mālama like. ʻO kēia ka hana ʻili No. 1. He keʻokeʻo kālā a matt ka ʻili No. 1. Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana kūpaʻa wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ʻaʻole pono ka ʻōlinolino o ka ʻili, e like me ka ʻoihana waiʻona, ka ʻoihana kemika a me nā ipu nui.

2B: ʻOkoʻa ka ʻili o 2B mai ka ʻili 2D no ka mea ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me kahi wili laumania, no laila ʻoi aku ka mālamalama ma mua o ka ʻili 2D. ʻO ka waiwai ʻoʻoleʻa o ka ʻili Ra i ana ʻia e ka mea hana he 0.1～0.5μm, ʻo ia ke ʻano hana maʻamau. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻili kila kila ka mea maʻalahi loa, kūpono no nā kumu maʻamau, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana kemika, pepa, petroleum, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he paia pale hale.

ʻO ka hoʻopau paʻakikī TR: Ua kapa ʻia hoʻi ke kila kila kila paʻakikī. ʻO kona mau ʻano kila he 304 a me 301, hoʻohana ʻia lākou no nā huahana e pono ai ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā kaʻa kaʻaahi, nā kāʻei conveyor, nā pūnāwai a me nā gaskets. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano paʻakikī hana o ke kila kila austenitic e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka papa kila ma o nā ʻano hana anu e like me ka ʻōwili ʻana. Hoʻohana ka mea paʻakikī i kekahi mau pakeneka a i kekahi mau ʻumi pakeneka o ka ʻōwili mālie e pani i ka palahalaha mālie o ka ʻili kumu 2B, a ʻaʻohe annealing e hana ʻia ma hope o ka ʻōwili ʻana. No laila, ʻo ka ʻili paʻakikī TR o ka mea paʻakikī ka ʻili ʻōwili ma hope o ka ʻōwili anu.

ʻŌwili Hou ʻia ka ʻĀlohilohi 2H: Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana ʻōwili. e hana ʻia ka paipu kila kila i ka annealing ʻālohilohi. Hiki ke hoʻomaʻalili koke ʻia ka paipu e ka laina annealing hoʻomau. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hele ʻana o ka paipu kila kila ma ka laina ma kahi o 60m ~ 80m / min. Ma hope o kēia kaʻina hana, e ʻōwili hou ʻia ka ʻili i ka ʻālohilohi 2H.

Helu 4: ʻO ka ʻili o ka Helu 4 he ʻili i hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia e ʻoi aku ka mālamalama ma mua o ka ʻili o ka Helu 3. Loaʻa nō hoʻi ia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka paipu kila kila i ʻōwili anu ʻia me ka ʻili 2 D a i ʻole 2 B ma ke kumu a me ka hoʻopili ʻana me ke kāʻei abrasive me ka nui o ka palaoa o 150-180 # ʻIli i mīkini ʻia. ʻO ka waiwai ʻo Ra o ka ʻili i ana ʻia e ka mea hana he 0.2～1.5μm. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻili NO.4 i nā lako hale ʻaina a me nā lako kīhini, nā lako lapaʻau, nā mea hoʻonaninani hale, nā ipu, a pēlā aku.

HL: Ua kapa pinepine ʻia ka ʻili HL he hairline finish. Ua ʻōlelo ke kūlana JIS Kepanī e hoʻohana ʻia ke kāʻei abrasive 150-240# e hoʻopili i ka ʻili abrasive e like me ka hairline hoʻomau i loaʻa. Ma ke kūlana GB3280 o Kina, ua maopopo ʻole nā lula. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻili HL no ka hoʻonaninani hale e like me nā elevators, escalators, a me nā facades.

Helu 6: Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻili o Helu 6 ma luna o ka ʻili o Helu 4 a ua hoʻowali hou ʻia me kahi pulumu Tampico a i ʻole kahi mea abrasive me ka nui o ka ʻāpana o W63 i kuhikuhi ʻia e ke kūlana GB2477. He ʻōlinolino metala maikaʻi kēia ʻili a he hana palupalu. He nāwaliwali ka ʻōlinolino a ʻaʻole hōʻike i ke kiʻi. Ma muli o kēia waiwai maikaʻi, kūpono loa ia no ka hana ʻana i nā paia pale hale a me nā mea hoʻonaninani fringe hale, a hoʻohana nui ʻia hoʻi e like me nā lako kīhini.

BA: ʻO BA ka ʻili i loaʻa ma o ka mālama wela ʻālohilohi ma hope o ka ʻōwili anu. ʻO ka mālama wela ʻālohilohi ka annealing ma lalo o kahi lewa pale e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻaʻole i oxidized ka ʻili e mālama i ka ʻōlinolino o ka ʻili i ʻōwili anu ʻia, a laila e hoʻohana i kahi ʻōwili smoothing kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mālamalama e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻālohilohi o ka ʻili. Ua kokoke kēia ʻili i kahi hoʻopau aniani, a ʻo ka waiwai ʻo Ra roughness i ana ʻia e ka mea hana he 0.05-0.1μm. Loaʻa i ka ʻili BA kahi ākea o nā hoʻohana a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā lako kīhini, nā lako hale, nā lako lapaʻau, nā ʻāpana kaʻa a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Helu 8: ʻO ka Helu 8 kahi ʻili i hoʻopau ʻia e ke aniani me ka reflectivity kiʻekiʻe loa me ka ʻole o nā hua abrasive. Ua kapa pū ʻia ka ʻoihana hana hohonu kila kila he mau papa 8K. Ma ke ʻano laulā, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea BA ma ke ʻano he mea maka no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke aniani ma o ka wili ʻana a me ka polishing wale nō. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke aniani, he kiʻi ka ʻili, no laila hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka hoʻonaninani puka hale a me ka hoʻonaninani o loko.

Kaʻina hana oPhana ʻana

Ke kaʻina hana nui: kila poepoe → nānā hou ʻana → ʻili ʻana → pani ʻana → kikowaena ʻana → hoʻomehana ʻana → perforation → pickling → poʻo pālahalaha → nānā a me ka wili ʻana → ʻōwili anu (kahakaha anu) → degreasing → mālama wela → hoʻopololei → ʻoki ʻana i ka paipu (paʻa-i-ka lōʻihi) ) → pickling/passivation → nānā ʻana i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia (eddy current, ultrasonic, kaomi wai) → ʻūlū a me ka mālama ʻana.

1. ʻOki kila poepoe: Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kila poepoe mai ka hale kūʻai mea maka, e helu i ka lōʻihi ʻoki o ke kila poepoe e like me nā koi o ke kaʻina hana, a kahakiʻi i kahi laina ma ke kila poepoe. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kila e like me nā papa kila, nā helu wela, nā helu pūʻulu hana a me nā kikoʻī, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wēlau e nā pena o nā kala like ʻole.

2. Ke kikowaena ʻana: I ke kikowaena ʻana o ka mīkini wili lima keʻa, e ʻimi mua i ke kiko waena ma kahi ʻāpana o ke kila poepoe, e ʻoki i waho i ka lua laʻana, a laila e hoʻopaʻa pololei iā ia ma ka papa mīkini wili no ke kikowaena ʻana. Ma hope o ke kikowaena ʻana, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kaola poepoe e like me ke ʻano kila, ka helu wela, nā kikoʻī a me ka helu pūʻulu hana.

3. ʻIli: hana ʻia ka ʻili ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i nā mea e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka ʻili ʻana e komo pū ana me ka ʻili ʻana o ka lathe a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka makani ʻino. Hana ʻia ka ʻili ʻana o ka lathe ma ka lathe ma ke ʻano hana o hoʻokahi ʻūmiʻi a me hoʻokahi luna, a ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana i ka makani ʻino e kau i ke kila poepoe ma ka mīkini hana. Hana i ka wili.

4. Nānā ʻili: Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke kila poepoe i ʻili ʻia, a ua hōʻailona ʻia nā hemahema o ka ʻili e kū nei, a na ka poʻe wili e wili iā lākou a hiki i ko lākou mākaukau ʻana. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kaola poepoe i hala i ka nānā ʻana ma ke kaʻawale e like me ke ʻano kila, ka helu wela, nā kikoʻī a me ka helu pūʻulu hana.

5. Hoʻomehana kila poepoe: ʻO nā lako hoʻomehana kila poepoe e komo pū ana me ka umu kapuahi inclined i puhi ʻia e ke kinoea a me ka umu pahu ʻano kinoea. Hoʻohana ʻia ka umu puʻuwai inclined i puhi ʻia e ke kinoea no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui, a hoʻohana ʻia ka umu pahu ʻano kinoea no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. I ke komo ʻana i ka umu, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaola poepoe o nā ʻano kila like ʻole, nā helu wela a me nā kikoʻī e ka ʻili waho kahiko. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia nā kaola poepoe, hoʻohana nā mea huli i nā mea hana kūikawā e hoʻohuli i nā kaola e hōʻoia i ka wela like ʻana o nā kaola poepoe.

6. Ke ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻōwili wela: e hoʻohana i ka ʻāpana ʻoki a me ka mea hoʻopili ea. Wahi a nā kikoʻī o ke kila poepoe perforated, ua koho ʻia nā papa alakaʻi kūpono a me nā plug molybdenum, a ua perforated ke kila poepoe wela me kahi perforator, a ua hānai ʻia nā paipu ʻōpala i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka loko no ka hoʻomaʻalili piha.

7. Nānā a me ka wili ʻana: E nānā i ka laumania a me ka laumania o nā ʻili o loko a me waho o ka paipu ʻōpala, ʻaʻohe ʻili pua, nā māwae, nā papa waena, nā lua hohonu, nā māka kaula koʻikoʻi, ka hao hale kiaʻi, nā fritters, Baotou a me nā poʻo sickle. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā kīnā o ka ʻili o ka paipu ʻōpala ma ke ʻano wili kūloko. ʻO nā paipu ʻōpala i hala i ka nānā ʻana a i ʻole nā mea i hala i ka nānā ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka wili ʻana me nā kīnā liʻiliʻi e hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea hoʻopili hale hana e like me nā koi, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me ke ʻano kila, ka helu umu, nā kikoʻī a me ka helu pūʻulu hana o ka paipu ʻōpala.

8. Hoʻopololei: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paipu ʻōpala e komo mai ana i loko o ka hale hana perforation i loko o nā puʻupuʻu. Kūlou ke ʻano o ka paipu ʻōpala e komo mai ana a pono e hoʻopololei ʻia. ʻO nā lako hoʻopololei he mīkini hoʻopololei kū pololei, mīkini hoʻopololei ākea a me ka mīkini kaomi hydraulic kū pololei (hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopololei mua ʻana i ka wā he curvature nui ka paipu kila). I mea e pale ai i ka lele ʻana o ka paipu kila i ka wā e hoʻopololei ai, hoʻohana ʻia kahi lima nylon e kaupalena i ka paipu kila.

9. ʻOki ʻana i ka paipu: Wahi a ka hoʻolālā hana, pono e ʻoki ʻia ke poʻo a me ka huelo o ka paipu ʻōpala i hoʻopololei ʻia, a ʻo ka mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia he mīkini ʻoki huila wili.

10. Pickling: Pono e pickled ka paipu kila i hoʻopololei ʻia e wehe i ka unahi oxide a me nā haumia ma luna o ka ʻili o ka paipu ʻōpala. Pickled ka paipu kila i loko o ka hale hana pickling, a hāpai mālie ʻia ka paipu kila i loko o ka pahu pickling no ka pickling ma ke kaʻa ʻana.

11. Wili ʻana, nānā ʻana o ka endoscopy a me ka poli ʻana i loko: ʻo nā paipu kila i kūpono no ka pickling e komo i ke kaʻina hana wili ʻili o waho, ua kau ʻia nā paipu kila i poli ʻia i ka nānā ʻana o ka endoscopic, a ʻo nā huahana a i ʻole nā kaʻina hana kūpono ʻole me nā koi kūikawā e pono e poli ʻia i loko.

12. Kaʻina hana ʻōwili anu/kaʻina hana huki anu

ʻŌwili anu: Ua ʻōwili ʻia ka paipu kila e nā ʻōwili o ka wili ʻōwili anu, a ua loli ka nui a me ka lōʻihi o ka paipu kila e ka deformation anu mau.

Kahaki anu: Ua ʻā ʻia ka paipu kila a hoʻemi ʻia ka paia me kahi mīkini kahaki anu me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomehana ʻana e hoʻololi i ka nui a me ka lōʻihi o ka paipu kila. Loaʻa i ka paipu kila i kahaki anu ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi. ʻO ka hemahema, he nui ke koʻikoʻi koena, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā paipu i kahaki anu nui ke anawaena, a lohi ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ke kaʻina hana kikoʻī o ke kahaki anu:

① Poʻo wiliwili poʻo: Ma mua o ke kahakiʻi anu ʻana, pono e poʻo ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka paipu kila (paipu kila anawaena liʻiliʻi) a i ʻole ke poʻo wiliwili (paipu kila anawaena nui) e hoʻomākaukau no ke kaʻina hana kahakiʻi, a pono e hoʻomehana ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka paipu kila kikoʻī kūikawā a laila poʻo ʻia.

② Lubrication a me ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana: Ma mua o ke kahakiʻi anu ʻana o ka paipu kila ma hope o ke poʻo (poʻo kuʻi), e lubricated ʻia ka lua o loko a me ka ʻili o waho o ka paipu kila, a e hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka paipu kila i uhi ʻia me ka lubricant ma mua o ke kahakiʻi anu ʻana.

③ Kahaki anu: Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka lubricant, komo ka paipu kila i ke kaʻina hana kahaki anu, a ʻo nā lako i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kahaki anu he mīkini kahaki anu kaulahao a me kahi mīkini kahaki anu hydraulic.

13. Hoʻohemo ʻaila: ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka ʻaila ʻōwili e hoʻopili ʻia i ka paia o loko a me ka ʻili o waho o ka paipu kila ma hope o ka ʻōwili ʻana ma ka holoi ʻana, i mea e pale aku ai i ka haumia ʻana o ka ʻili o ke kila i ka wā annealing a pale i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kalapona.

14. Ka mālama wela: Hoʻihoʻi ka mālama wela i ke ʻano o ka mea ma o ka recrystallization a hōʻemi i ke kūpaʻa deformation o ka metala. ʻO ka lako mālama wela he umu mālama wela hoʻonā kinoea kūlohelohe.

15. Pickling o nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia: Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā paipu kila i ka pickling no ke kumu o ka passivation ʻili, i hiki ai ke hana ʻia kahi kiʻi pale oxide ma luna o ka ʻili o nā paipu kila a hoʻonui i ka hana maikaʻi loa o nā paipu kila.

16. Nānā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia: ʻO ke kaʻina hana nui o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia, ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka mika → eddy probe → super probe → kaomi wai → kaomi ea. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili, ʻo ia ke nānā lima inā he mau kīnā ma ka ʻili o ka paipu kila, inā kūpono ka lōʻihi o ka paipu kila a me ka nui o ka paia waho; hoʻohana nui ka ʻike ʻana i ka eddy i ka mea ʻike kīnā eddy e nānā inā he mau loopholes i loko o ka paipu kila; hoʻohana nui ka ʻike ʻana i ka mea ʻike kīnā ultrasonic e nānā inā ua haki ka paipu kila i loko a i waho paha; ʻo ke kaomi wai, ʻo ke kaomi ea ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mīkini hydraulic a me ka mīkini kaomi ea e ʻike inā e kahe ana ka paipu kila i ka wai a i ʻole ka ea, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ke kūlana maikaʻi o ka paipu kila.

17. Ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka waiho ʻana: ʻO nā paipu kila i hala i ka nānā ʻana e komo i loko o kahi hoʻopili huahana i hoʻopau ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pāpale puka, nā ʻeke palaki, ka lole ʻili nahesa, nā papa lāʻau, nā kāʻei kila kila, a pēlā aku. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili waho o nā wēlau ʻelua o ka paipu kila i wahī ʻia me nā papa lāʻau liʻiliʻi, a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻili waho me nā kāʻei kila kila e pale aku i ka pili ʻana ma waena o nā paipu kila i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ke kumu o ka ulia. Komo nā paipu kila i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻomoe huahana i hoʻopau ʻia.